Plumbago zeylanica (Chitrak / Leadwort)
Common / Alternative Names:
Chitrak, White Leadwort
Family: Plumbaginaceae
Raw Material Type:
Root (Primary), Root Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Plumbagin (naphthoquinone), Flavonoids, Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds

Podophyllum hexandrum (syn. Podophyllum emodi)
(Indian Podophyllum / Himalayan Mayapple)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Podophyllum, Himalayan Mayapple, Ban Kakri
Family: Berberidaceae
Raw Material Type:
Rhizome & Root; Dry Powder, Standardized Extract (controlled use)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Podophyllotoxin, Deoxypodophyllotoxin, Lignans, Flavonoids

Pongamia pinnata (often written/traded as Pongania pinnorta)
(Karanja / Indian Beech)
Common / Alternative Names:
Karanja, Indian Beech, Honge
Family: Fabaceae
Raw Material Type:
Seeds, Seed Oil (Karanja Oil), Bark, Leaves; Oil, Powder, Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Karanjin, Pongamol, Flavonoids, Fixed oils, Triterpenoids

Polygonatum cirrhifolium (Kshirakakoli / Curled Solomon’s Seal)
Common / Alternative Names:
Kshirakakoli, Curled Solomon’s Seal
Family: Asparagaceae (formerly Liliaceae)
Raw Material Type:
Rhizome, Rhizome Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins, Polysaccharides, Mucilage, Flavonoids, Trace alkaloids

Premna integrifolia (Agnimantha)
Common / Alternative Names:
Agnimantha, Arani, Headache Tree
Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Raw Material Type:
Root (Primary), Bark, Leaves; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Triterpenoids, Phenolic compounds, Glycosides

Prosopis spicigera (correct botanical name: Prosopis cineraria)
(Khejri / Shami Tree)
Common / Alternative Names:
Khejri, Shami, Jand
Family: Fabaceae
Raw Material Type:
Bark, Leaves, Pods; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Alkaloids, Tannins, Phenolic compounds, Proteins, Minerals

Prunus amygdalus (Almond)
Common / Alternative Names:
Almond, Badam, Sweet Almond
Family: Rosaceae
Raw Material Type:
Seed (Kernel), Kernel Powder, Cold-Pressed Oil, Defatted Powder, Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Monounsaturated fatty acids (Oleic acid), Linoleic acid, Protein, Vitamin E (Tocopherols), Polyphenols, Minerals (Calcium, Magnesium)

Prunus cerasoides (Wild Himalayan Cherry / Padam)
Common / Alternative Names:
Padam, Himalayan Wild Cherry, Indian Cherry
Family: Rosaceae
Raw Material Type:
Bark, Fruit; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Glycosides, Tannins, Organic acids

Psidium guajava (Guava)
Common / Alternative Names:
Guava, Guava Leaf, Amrood
Family: Myrtaceae
Raw Material Type:
Leaves, Fruit; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (Quercetin), Polyphenols, Tannins, Vitamin C, Lycopene (fruit)

Pterocarpus marsupium (Indian Kino / Vijaysar)
Common / Alternative Names:
Vijaysar, Indian Kino Tree, Malabar Kino
Family: Fabaceae
Raw Material Type:
Heartwood, Bark; Wood Powder, Chips, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Pterostilbene, Marsupsin, Epicatechin, Flavonoids, Tannins

Pterocarpus santalinus (Red Sandalwood / Rakta Chandan)
Common / Alternative Names:
Red Sandalwood, Rakta Chandan, Red Saunders
Family: Fabaceae
Raw Material Type:
Heartwood, Wood Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Santalins (A & B), Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Isoflavones

Pterospermum acerifolium (often listed/traded as Pterospermum cerifolium)
(Muchukunda / Bayur Tree)
Common / Alternative Names:
Muchukunda, Bayur Tree, Kanak Champa (regional)
Family: Malvaceae (formerly Sterculiaceae)
Raw Material Type:
Bark (Primary), Flowers, Leaves; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Tannins, Phenolic compounds, Glycosides, Triterpenoids

Reinwardtia indica (Basanti / Yellow Flax)
Common / Alternative Names:
Basanti, Yellow Flax, Indian Yellow Flax
Family: Linaceae
Raw Material Type:
Whole Plant (Aerial Parts), Leaves & Flowers; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Triterpenoids

Raphanus sativus (Radish / Mooli)
Common / Alternative Names:
Radish, Mooli, Daikon
Family: Brassicaceae
Raw Material Type:
Root, Seeds; Dry Powder, Standardized Extract, Juice Powder
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Glucosinolates (Raphanin), Isothiocyanates, Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Vitamin C, Dietary fiber

Ranunculus sceleratus (Celery-leaved Buttercup)
(Often written as Ranunculus scleratus in trade lists)
Common / Alternative Names:
Celery-leaved Buttercup, Marsh Buttercup
Family: Ranunculaceae
Raw Material Type:
Whole Herb (Aerial Parts); Dry Powder, Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Protoanemonin (from ranunculin), Flavonoids, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds

Pyrus malus (Apple)
Common / Alternative Names:
Apple
Family: Rosaceae
Raw Material Type:
Fruit, Fruit Powder, Juice Concentrate, Extract (including Apple Cider Vinegar derivatives)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Pectin (soluble fiber), Polyphenols (Quercetin, Catechins), Flavonoids, Vitamin C, Organic acids (malic acid), Natural sugars

Rheum emodi (Indian Rhubarb / Revand Chini)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Rhubarb, Revand Chini, Himalayan Rhubarb
Family: Polygonaceae
Raw Material Type:
Rhizome / Root, Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Anthraquinones (Emodin, Rhein, Chrysophanol, Aloe-emodin), Tannins, Phenolic compounds

Rhus parviflora (Indian Sumac / Taatri)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Sumac, Taatri, Taitri
Family: Anacardiaceae
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (Berries), Leaves; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins, Flavonoids, Organic acids, Phenolic compounds, Anthocyanins

Ricinus communis (Castor / Eranda)
Common / Alternative Names:
Castor, Castor Bean, Eranda
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (Processed), Seed Oil (Castor Oil), Leaf, Root; Oil, Powder, Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Ricinoleic acid (major fatty acid), Triglycerides, Flavonoids, Alkaloids (trace)

Rosa alba (White Rose)
Common / Alternative Names:
White Rose, Safed Gulab
Family: Rosaceae
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (Petals), Flower Powder, Flower Extract, Rose Water, Rose Oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Phenolic compounds, Anthocyanins (trace), Tannins, Volatile aromatic compounds

Rumex vesicarius (Bladder Dock)
Common / Alternative Names:
Bladder Dock, Sorrel Dock, Chukka Kura, Chukrika
Family: Polygonaceae
Raw Material Type:
Whole Herb / Leaves, Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Anthraquinones (trace), Organic acids (oxalic, malic), Phenolic compounds, Vitamins (A, C), Minerals

Saccharum spp. (Sugarcane – Genus Overview)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sugarcane, Ganna, Ikshu
Family: Poaceae
Raw Material Type:
Stem (Cane), Juice, Juice Concentrate, Dry Powder, Extract, Molasses, Jaggery
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Organic acids, Minerals (Iron, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium)

Saccharum officinarum (Sugarcane)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sugarcane, Ganna, Ikshu
Family: Poaceae
Raw Material Type:
Stem (Juice), Juice Concentrate, Dry Powder, Extract, Jaggery (Unrefined)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sucrose, Glucose, Fructose, Polyphenols, Flavonoids, Organic acids, Minerals (Iron, Calcium, Potassium, Magnesium)

Salix alba (White Willow)
Common / Alternative Names:
White Willow, Willow Bark
Family: Salicaceae
Raw Material Type:
Bark; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Salicin, Salicylates, Flavonoids, Polyphenols, Tannins

Salvia aegyptiaca (Egyptian Sage / Wild Sage)
Common / Alternative Names:
Egyptian Sage, Wild Sage
Family: Lamiaceae
Raw Material Type:
Whole Herb (Aerial Parts), Leaf, Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Phenolic acids, Diterpenes, Triterpenes, Volatile oils

Santalum album (Indian Sandalwood)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sandalwood, Chandan, White Sandalwood
Family: Santalaceae
Raw Material Type:
Heartwood, Wood Powder, Essential Oil (Steam Distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
α-Santalol, β-Santalol, Sesquiterpenes, Phenolic compounds

Saraca asoca (Ashoka Tree)
Common / Alternative Names:
Ashoka, Asoka, Ashok Briksha
Family: Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae)
Raw Material Type:
Bark (Primary), Flowers, Leaves; Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Tannins, Glycosides, Phenolic compounds, Catechins

aussurea lappa (Kuth / Costus Root)
Common / Alternative Names:
Kuth, Costus Root, Indian Costus, Kushta
Family: Asteraceae
Raw Material Type:
Root, Root Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract, Essential Oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpene lactones (Costunolide, Dehydrocostus lactone), Alkaloids, Essential oils, Resins

Semicarpus anacardium (Bhallataka / Marking Nut)
Common / Alternative Names:
Bhallataka, Marking Nut, Oriental Cashew
Family: Anacardiaceae
Raw Material Type:
Nut (Seed), Purified Nut Powder (Shodhit Bhallataka), Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Bhallatakins, Anacardic acids, Cardol, Phenolic compounds, Flavonoids

Sesamum indicum (Sesame / Til)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sesame, Til, Gingelly, Benne, Simsim
Family: Pedaliaceae
Raw Material Type:
Seed, Seed Powder, Seed Extract, Cold-Pressed Oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesamin, Sesamolin, Sesamol (lignans), Tocopherols (Vitamin E), Polyunsaturated fatty acids (Omega-6), Phytosterols, Minerals (Calcium, Iron, Magnesium)

Sesbania grandiflora (Agati / Vegetable Hummingbird)
Common / Alternative Names:
Agati, Hummingbird Tree, Vegetable Hummingbird, Basna, Hadga
Family: Fabaceae
Raw Material Type:
Herb (Leaves, Flowers, Bark), Dry Powder, Standardized Herbal Extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids, Saponins, Tannins, Phenolic compounds, Alkaloids, Vitamins (A, C), Minerals (Calcium, Iron)

Setaria italica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Foxtail Millet, Italian Millet, Kangni (Hindi), Thinai (Tamil), Kakum, Navane
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cereal-based nutraceutical ingredient / Functional food component
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (grains) / Flour / Powder / Extract (aqueous or enzymatic fractions)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Complex carbohydrates (slow-digesting starch)
Dietary fiber (soluble & insoluble)
Proteins (rich in methionine and cysteine compared to other cereals)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc)
B-vitamins (niacin, thiamine)

Sisymbrium irio (often misspelled as “Sisimbrium rio”)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Sisymbrium irio L. — Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
London Rocket, Khubkalam, Jangli Sarson, Taramira (regional usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Unani, Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Glucosinolates (sinigrin-type compounds)
Isothiocyanates (upon enzymatic hydrolysis)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Fatty acids (seed oil fraction)
Minerals and trace elements

Smilax china
Chemical / Technical Name:
Smilax china L. — Family: Smilacaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
China Root, Chobchini, Indian Sarsaparilla (trade usage), Tu Fu Ling (Chinese)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, TCM & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizomes & roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins (smilagenin, sarsasapogenin derivatives)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Phytosterols
Resinous compounds
Trace alkaloids and minerals

Solanum indicum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Solanum indicum L. — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Brihati, Indian Nightshade, Badi Kateri, Kantakari (one of the Dashamoola group – Brihati)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary) / Roots / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal alkaloids (solasonine, solamargine)
Saponins
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Glycoalkaloids (controlled levels required)

Solanum nigrum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Solanum nigrum L. — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Black Nightshade, Makoi (Hindi), Kakamachi (Ayurveda), Manathakkali (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Fruits (berries) / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (solanine, solasonine, solamargine – controlled levels)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Saponins
Phenolic acids
Polysaccharides and trace minerals

Spinacia oleracea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Spinacia oleracea L. — Family: Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Spinach, Palak (Hindi), Garden Spinach
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nutraceutical & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support excipient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary part used) / Powder / Dehydrated flakes / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Vitamins: A (β-carotene), C, E, K, folate
Minerals: iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium
Chlorophyll
Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Nitrates (naturally occurring, controlled levels)

Selinum tenuifolium
Chemical / Technical Name:
Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex C.B.Clarke — Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Bhutkeshi, Himalayan Spikenard (trade usage – not Nardostachys), Thin-leaved Selinum
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots & rhizomes (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (limited)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Volatile oils (terpenoids, sesquiterpenes)
Coumarins
Phenolic compounds
Flavonoids
Resinous aromatic principles

Spondias mangifera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Spondias mangifera Willd. — Family: Anacardiaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Mango, Hog Plum (Indian), Amra, Ambada, Kadumanga (Malayalam)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruit (primary) / Bark / Leaves / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Organic acids (citric, malic, tartaric acids)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Tannins (notably in bark)
Vitamins (Vitamin C, provitamin A carotenoids)
Minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium)
Essential fatty acids (seed fraction – limited use)

Stephania glabra
Chemical / Technical Name:
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers — Family: Menispermaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Nerinjil, Broom Creeper (regional), Agarshikari, Indian Stephania
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, folk & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers / Roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (stepharine, palmatine, berberine-like alkaloids – trace)
Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Starch and polysaccharides

Symplocos racemosa (often written as Symplocos racemose)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. — Family: Symplocaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Lodhra, Rodhra, Lodh, Tilaka Tree
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (loturine, colloturine)
Glycosides
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Tannins (astringent fraction)
Saponins and trace minerals

Syzygium aromaticum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry — Family: Myrtaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Clove, Laung (Hindi), Lavang, Ding Xiang (Chinese)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical & cosmetic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flower buds (primary) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Phenylpropanoids: Eugenol (70–85% in essential oil), eugenyl acetate
Sesquiterpenes: β-caryophyllene
Flavonoids and tannins
Phenolic acids
Trace minerals

Syzygium cumini
Chemical / Technical Name:
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels — Family: Myrtaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Jamun, Java Plum, Black Plum, Indian Blackberry, Jambul
Category:
Botanical raw material / Antidiabetic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary) / Fruits / Bark / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (jambosine)
Glycosides (jamboline, ellagic acid derivatives)
Flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin)
Anthocyanins (fruit pulp)
Tannins and polyphenols
Trace minerals (chromium, zinc)

Tacca aspera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tacca aspera Roxb. — Family: Dioscoreaceae (formerly Taccaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Arrowroot, Forest Tacca, Asiatic Tacca (regional names vary)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & traditional medicine ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers (primary part used) / Rhizomes / Powder / Starch / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Starch and complex carbohydrates (arrowroot-type polysaccharides)
Steroidal compounds (taccalonolides – trace, species-dependent)
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Dietary fiber
Trace minerals

Taxus baccata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Taxus baccata L. — Family: Taxaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
European Yew, English Yew, Himalayan Yew (regional reference), Yew Tree
Category:
Botanical raw material / Pharmaceutical active source / High-regulation phytochemical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (needles) / Bark (restricted use) / Powder / Standardized extract / Semi-synthetic intermediate source
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Taxanes (10-deacetylbaccatin III – key precursor)
Diterpenoids (baccatin derivatives)
Lignans and biflavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Alkaloids (trace)

Tecomella undulata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. — Family: Bignoniaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Rohida, Rohitaka, Desert Teak, Marwar Teak
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Leaves / Heartwood / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Naphthoquinones (tecomin, lapachol-type compounds – trace)
Flavonoids
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds
Tannins and glycosides

Tephrosia purpurea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sharpunkha, Purple Tephrosia, Wild Indigo (Indian), Sarphonkha
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary) / Leaves / Roots / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (tephrosin, deguelin, rotenoids – controlled levels)
Isoflavones
Triterpenoids
Sterols
Phenolic compounds

Teramnus labialis
Chemical / Technical Name:
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Mashaparni (one of the Dashamoola – Laghu Panchamoola group), Wild Indigo Vine, Teramnus
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Roots / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids
Triterpenoids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Phenolic compounds
Proteins and polysaccharides

Terminalia chebula
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia chebula Retz. — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Haritaki, Harad, Chebulic Myrobalan, Yellow Myrobalan, Pathya
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (pericarp – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin)
Gallic acid and ellagic acid
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Lignans
Trace minerals

Terminalia tomentosa (Syn.: Terminalia elliptica)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn. (Syn.: Terminalia elliptica Willd.) — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Asana, Arjuna (Asana), Saj, Ain, Indian Laurel (trade usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Heartwood / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (ellagitannins, gallic acid derivatives)
Flavonoids
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds
Lignans and glycosides

Tetragonia expansa (Syn.: Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tetragonia expansa Murray — Family: Aizoaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
New Zealand Spinach, Warrigal Greens, Sea Spinach
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nutraceutical & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Leaves & tender aerial parts / Powder / Dehydrated flakes / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Vitamins: Vitamin C, provitamin A (β-carotene), folates
Minerals: iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Chlorophyll
Dietary fiber
Organic acids (including oxalates – controlled levels)

Thalictrum foliolosum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. — Family: Ranunculaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Mamiran (Indian), Meadow Rue (regional reference), Pilijari (trade usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, Unani & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots & rhizomes (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine – predominant)
Protoberberine alkaloids
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Bitter principles

Tilia cordata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tilia cordata Mill. — Family: Malvaceae (formerly Tiliaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Small-Leaved Linden, Littleleaf Linden, Lime Tree (European), Linden Blossom
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nervine & sedative herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary medicinal part) / Bracts / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (tiliroside, quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Volatile aromatic compounds (farnesol – trace)
Mucilage polysaccharides
Phenolic acids
Tannins (mild, astringent fraction)

Trachyspermum ammi
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague — Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Ajwain, Carom Seeds, Bishop’s Weed, Omam (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, Ayurvedic & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (seeds – primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Volatile oil (2–5%): Thymol (35–60%), carvacrol
p-Cymene, γ-terpinene
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Fixed oils (minor fraction)

Trapa bispinosa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. — Family: Lythraceae (formerly Trapaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Water Chestnut, Singhara, Indian Water Chestnut, Paniphal
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition ingredient / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (nuts) / Kernels / Flour / Powder / Starch / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Complex carbohydrates (starch-rich)
Dietary fiber
Proteins (moderate)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron)
Vitamins (B-complex, trace vitamin C)

Trianthema portulacastrum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trianthema portulacastrum L. — Family: Aizoaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Punarnava (White), Horse Purslane, Bishkhapra, Santhi (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Leaves / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (trianthemine)
Flavonoids (quercetin derivatives)
Saponins
Phenolic acids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Potassium salts and trace mineral

Trichosanthes anguina
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes anguina L. — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Snake Gourd, Chichinda (Hindi), Padwal (regional), Serpent Gourd
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active & functional nutrition ingredient / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary) / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cucurbitacins (trace, controlled levels)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Proteins and amino acids
Dietary fiber
Vitamins (A, C) and minerals (potassium, magnesium)

Trichosanthes dioica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Pointed Gourd, Parwal, Potol, Parval
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition & herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary) / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Alkaloids (trace)
Cucurbitane-type compounds (trace, controlled)
Dietary fiber
Vitamins (A, C) and minerals (potassium, magnesium)

Trigonella foenum-graecum (often written as Trigonella foenum graceum)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Fenugreek, Methi (Hindi), Greek Hay, Hulba (Arabic)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Metabolic & galactagogue herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary part used) / Leaves / Powder / Defatted powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins (diosgenin – key marker)
Alkaloids (trigonelline)
Soluble fibers (galactomannans)
Amino acids (4-hydroxyisoleucine)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Fixed oils (minor fraction)

Triticum aestivum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Triticum aestivum L. — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wheat, Common Wheat, Wheatgrass (young shoots), Gehun (Hindi)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition ingredient / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Young shoots (Wheatgrass) / Seeds (grains) / Bran / Powder / Juice powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Chlorophyll (high in wheatgrass)
Vitamins: A, C, E, K, B-complex
Minerals: iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc
Amino acids and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase – grass stage)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Dietary fiber (bran fraction)

Trichosanthes bracteata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes bracteata Voigt — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indrayan (White), Jangli Padwal, Wild Snake Gourd (regional), Bracted Trichosanthes
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots / Fruits / Leaves / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cucurbitacins (bitter triterpenoids – controlled levels)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Glycosides
Phenolic acids

Urtica parviflora
Chemical / Technical Name:
Urtica parviflora Roxb. — Family: Urticaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Small-leaved Nettle, Himalayan Nettle, Bichhu Buti (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary) / Aerial parts / Roots (limited use) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic acids)
Minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, silica)
Vitamins (A, C, K)
Amines and sterols (trace)
Chlorophyll

Uraria picta
Chemical / Technical Name:
Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Prishniparni, Pithvan, Shalaparni (regional confusion—distinct species), Wild Indigo (Ayurvedic)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots (primary part used) / Whole plant / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids
Triterpenoids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Phenolic compounds
Polysaccharides and trace minerals

Urginea indica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Urginea indica Kunth — Family: Asparagaceae
(Syn.: Drimia indica)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Squill, Jangli Pyaz, Van Palandu, Kolkand
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cardioactive & expectorant herbal active / Pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bulbs (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides: scillaren A, proscillaridin-like compounds)
Steroidal saponins
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Mucilage and sugars

Vetiveria zizanioides
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
(Syn.: Chrysopogon zizanioides) — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Vetiver, Khus, Khas, Ramacham (Tamil), Vetiver Grass
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, cosmetic & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpenes (khusimol, vetiverol, vetivone, isovalencenol)
Vetiver acids
Volatile aromatic compounds
Trace phenolics and resinous substances

Vigna trilobata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Three-lobed Cowpea, Wild Vigna, Tini Bean, Mugani (regional), Wild Green Gram (trade reference)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & traditional medicine ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Proteins and amino acids (seed fraction)
Tannins
Dietary fiber and polysaccharides

Viola odorata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Viola odorata L. — Family: Violaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sweet Violet, English Violet, Banafsha (Hindi/Urdu), Garden Violet
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Unani, Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary) / Leaves / Whole aerial parts / Powder / Standardized extract / Syrup base
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (violanthin, rutin, quercetin derivatives)
Saponins
Mucilage polysaccharides
Alkaloids (violine – trace levels)
Phenolic acids
Volatile aromatic compounds (minor fraction)

Vitex agnus-castus
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitex agnus-castus L. — Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Chaste Tree, Chasteberry, Monk’s Pepper, Agnus Castus, Abraham’s Balm
Category:
Botanical raw material / Hormone-modulating herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (berries – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, aucubin)
Flavonoids (casticin, isovitexin)
Diterpenes (clerodadienols – dopaminergic activity)
Essential oils (minor fraction)
Phenolic compounds

Wedelia calendulacea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Wedelia calendulacea Less. (Syn.: Sphagneticola calendulacea) — Family: Asteraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bhringraj (White), Kesraj, Marsh Daisy, Creeping Daisy, Pivla Bhangra
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Aerial parts / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Coumestans (wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Triterpenoids
Sterols
Essential trace minerals

Withania coagulans
Chemical / Technical Name:
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Rennet, Paneer Dodi, Vegetable Rennet, Akri, Punir Band
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Withanolides (withanolide A, withacoagulins)
Steroidal lactones
Alkaloids
Saponins
Enzyme-like coagulating principles (traditionally used for milk coagulation)

Withania somnifera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry, Asgand, Amukkara (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Adaptogenic herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Root (primary part used) / Leaves (secondary) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A, withanone)
Alkaloids (somniferine, anaferine)
Sitoindosides (glycowithanolides)
Steroidal lactones
Amino acids and trace minerals

Woodfordia fruticosa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz — Family: Lythraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Dhataki, Dhawai, Fire-Flame Bush, Scarlet Bottlebrush, Ban Mahendi
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (ellagitannins, gallotannins)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Glycosides
Natural fermentable sugars (supportive role in traditional formulations)

Zizyphus nummularia
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. — Family: Rhamnaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Jujube, Jhar Ber, Bhuk Ber, Desert Jujube, Chhoti Ber
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves / Fruit / Bark / Root / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cyclopeptide alkaloids (nummularine, ziziphine)
Flavonoids (quercetin, rutin derivatives)
Triterpenoids (betulinic acid, oleanolic acid)
Saponins
Tannins and phenolic compounds

Zingiber officinale
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Ginger, Adrak (Hindi), Sonth (Dry Ginger), Sheng Jiang (Chinese), Ingwer
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizome (fresh or dried) / Powder / Standardized extract / Oleoresin / Essential oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol)
Shogaols (6-shogaol – higher in dried extracts)
Zingerone
Volatile oils (zingiberene, β-bisabolene, camphene)
Polyphenols and antioxidants