Soya Oligosaccharides
Chemical / Technical Name:
Soybean Oligosaccharides (α-galactosides)
Common / Alternative Names:
Soy Oligosaccharides, Raffinose, Stachyose
Category:
Prebiotic carbohydrate / Functional oligosaccharide nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Plant-derived (extracted from soybeans); Food & nutraceutical grade powder or syrup
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Raffinose and stachyose (typically ≥50–70% combined, grade-dependent)

Zea mays
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zea mays L. (Family: Poaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Maize, Corn, Indian Corn, Makka (Hindi), Corn Silk (Stigma maydis – when silk is used)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Plant-derived excipient & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant parts (kernels, starch, germ oil, silk) / Powder / Extract / Oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Carbohydrates (amylose, amylopectin – starch fraction)
Proteins (zein proteins)
Corn silk flavonoids (maysin, luteolin derivatives)
Phytosterols (β-sitosterol – mainly in germ oil)
Fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid – germ oil)
Minerals: potassium, magnesium (notably in corn silk)

Zizyphus nummularia
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zizyphus nummularia (Burm.f.) Wight & Arn. — Family: Rhamnaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Jujube, Jhar Ber, Bhuk Ber, Desert Jujube, Chhoti Ber
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves / Fruit / Bark / Root / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cyclopeptide alkaloids (nummularine, ziziphine)
Flavonoids (quercetin, rutin derivatives)
Triterpenoids (betulinic acid, oleanolic acid)
Saponins
Tannins and phenolic compounds

Zanthoxylum alatum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zanthoxylum alatum Roxb. — Family: Rutaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Prickly Ash, Winged Prickly Ash, Tejphal, Timur, Toothache Tree
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruit (pericarp), Seeds, Bark / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (chelerythrine, berberine traces, skimmianine)
Lignans and flavonoids
Volatile oils (linalool, limonene, sabinene)
Amides and phenolic compounds

Wrightia tinctoria
Chemical / Technical Name:
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. — Family: Apocynaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sweet Indrajao, Pala Indigo Plant, Dyer’s Oleander, Vetpala, Kala Kuda
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves / Bark / Seeds / Latex / Powder / Standardized extract / Fixed oil (seed oil)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Indole alkaloids (wrightine, conessine traces)
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Triterpenoids (lupeol, β-amyrin)
Fatty acids (oleic, linoleic acids – seed oil)
Glycosides and resinous compounds

Woodfordia fruticosa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz — Family: Lythraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Dhataki, Dhawai, Fire-Flame Bush, Scarlet Bottlebrush, Ban Mahendi
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (ellagitannins, gallotannins)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Glycosides
Natural fermentable sugars (supportive role in traditional formulations)

Wedelia calendulacea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Wedelia calendulacea Less. (Syn.: Sphagneticola calendulacea) — Family: Asteraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bhringraj (White), Kesraj, Marsh Daisy, Creeping Daisy, Pivla Bhangra
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Aerial parts / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Coumestans (wedelolactone, demethylwedelolactone)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Triterpenoids
Sterols
Essential trace minerals

Vitis vinifera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitis vinifera L. — Family: Vitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Grape, Wine Grape, Angoor (Hindi), Common Grape Vine
Category:
Botanical raw material / Polyphenol-rich herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds / Skin (peel) / Leaves / Fruit / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Proanthocyanidins (OPCs – oligomeric procyanidins, mainly from seeds)
Resveratrol (primarily from skin)
Flavonoids (quercetin, catechin, epicatechin)
Phenolic acids
Tannins
Organic acids and trace minerals

Vitex negundo
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitex negundo L. — Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Nirgundi, Five-Leaved Chaste Tree, Sambhalu, Sindhuvara, Monk’s Pepper (Indian)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary) / Seeds / Roots / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (leaves)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (casticin, vitexin, isovitexin)
Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, negundoside)
Volatile oils (sabinene, β-caryophyllene, limonene)
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds

Vitex agnus-castus
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitex agnus-castus L. — Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Chaste Tree, Chasteberry, Monk’s Pepper, Agnus Castus, Abraham’s Balm
Category:
Botanical raw material / Hormone-modulating herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (berries – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, aucubin)
Flavonoids (casticin, isovitexin)
Diterpenes (clerodadienols – dopaminergic activity)
Essential oils (minor fraction)
Phenolic compounds

Vetiveria zizanioides
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash
(Syn.: Chrysopogon zizanioides) — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Vetiver, Khus, Khas, Ramacham (Tamil), Vetiver Grass
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, cosmetic & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpenes (khusimol, vetiverol, vetivone, isovalencenol)
Vetiver acids
Volatile aromatic compounds
Trace phenolics and resinous substances

Veronica officinalis
Chemical / Technical Name:
Veronica officinalis L. — Family: Plantaginaceae
(Syn. family in older literature: Scrophulariaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Common Speedwell, Heath Speedwell, Groundwell, Paul’s Betony
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Aerial parts (leaves & flowering tops) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Iridoid glycosides (aucubin, catalpol)
Phenylethanoid glycosides (verproside, acteoside)
Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin derivatives)
Tannins
Bitter principles and phenolic acids

Valeriana jatamansi
Chemical / Technical Name:
Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Syn.: Valeriana wallichii) — Family: Caprifoliaceae
(Older classification: Valerianaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Valerian, Jatamansi (small), Tagar (regional), Sugandhbala
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nervine & sedative herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizomes & roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (limited use)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpenes (jatamansone / valeranone)
Valepotriates (didrovaltrate, acevaltrate – trace, unstable)
Volatile oils (patchouli alcohol–like components, borneol)
Iridoids and alkaloids
Phenolic compounds

Urginea indica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Urginea indica Kunth — Family: Asparagaceae
(Syn.: Drimia indica)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Squill, Jangli Pyaz, Van Palandu, Kolkand
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cardioactive & expectorant herbal active / Pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bulbs (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides: scillaren A, proscillaridin-like compounds)
Steroidal saponins
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Mucilage and sugars

Trichosanthes bracteata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes bracteata Voigt — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indrayan (White), Jangli Padwal, Wild Snake Gourd (regional), Bracted Trichosanthes
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots / Fruits / Leaves / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cucurbitacins (bitter triterpenoids – controlled levels)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Glycosides
Phenolic acids

Tinospora cordifolia (often written as Tinospora cardifolia)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tinospora cordifolia (Willd.) Hook.f. & Thomson — Family: Menispermaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Guduchi, Giloy, Amrita, Heart-Leaved Moonseed
Category:
Botanical raw material / Immunomodulatory & adaptogenic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Stems (primary part used) / Leaves / Roots (limited) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Diterpenoid lactones (tinosporide, cordifolide, cordifol)
Alkaloids (berberine traces, magnoflorine)
Glycosides (tinocordiside)
Polysaccharides (immunomodulatory fractions)
Phenolics and flavonoids

Typhonium trilobatum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott — Family: Araceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bishkachu, Bengal Arum, Indian Arum, Ghet Kachu (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic & folk herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizomes & tubers (primary parts used) / Leaves / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (low-molecular-weight, bioactive)
Saponins
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Glycosides
Calcium oxalate crystals (raw material—requires detoxification processing)

Triticum aestivum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Triticum aestivum L. — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wheat, Common Wheat, Wheatgrass (young shoots), Gehun (Hindi)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition ingredient / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Young shoots (Wheatgrass) / Seeds (grains) / Bran / Powder / Juice powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Chlorophyll (high in wheatgrass)
Vitamins: A, C, E, K, B-complex
Minerals: iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc
Amino acids and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase – grass stage)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Dietary fiber (bran fraction)

Trichosanthes anguina
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes anguina L. — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Snake Gourd, Chichinda (Hindi), Padwal (regional), Serpent Gourd
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active & functional nutrition ingredient / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary) / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cucurbitacins (trace, controlled levels)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Proteins and amino acids
Dietary fiber
Vitamins (A, C) and minerals (potassium, magnesium)

Tricholepis glaberrima (Brahmadandi) is a traditional Ayurvedic medicinal herb, highly valued for its role in classical formulations related to vitality, rejuvenation, musculoskeletal wellness, and adaptogenic support.
It is commonly used in Ayurvedic medicines, nutraceuticals, herbal supplements, and pharmaceutical-support formulations, particularly in tonics, Rasayana-based products, and strength-oriented blends.

Tribulus terrestris
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tribulus terrestris L. — Family: Zygophyllaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Gokshura, Gokharu, Puncture Vine, Caltrop, Bindii
Category:
Botanical raw material / Hormone-modulating & adaptogenic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary part used) / Roots / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins (protodioscin – key marker)
Furostanol & spirostanol saponins
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Alkaloids
Tannins and phenolic compounds

Trianthema portulacastrum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trianthema portulacastrum L. — Family: Aizoaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Punarnava (White), Horse Purslane, Bishkhapra, Santhi (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Leaves / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (trianthemine)
Flavonoids (quercetin derivatives)
Saponins
Phenolic acids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Potassium salts and trace mineral

Tilia cordata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tilia cordata Mill. — Family: Malvaceae (formerly Tiliaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Small-Leaved Linden, Littleleaf Linden, Lime Tree (European), Linden Blossom
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nervine & sedative herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary medicinal part) / Bracts / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (tiliroside, quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Volatile aromatic compounds (farnesol – trace)
Mucilage polysaccharides
Phenolic acids
Tannins (mild, astringent fraction)

Thymus serpyllum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thymus serpyllum L. — Family: Lamiaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Thyme, Creeping Thyme, Mother of Thyme, Ban Ajwain (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, phytopharmaceutical & cosmetic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Aerial parts (leaves & flowering tops) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Volatile oils: Thymol, carvacrol (lower than Thymus vulgaris), p-cymene
Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin derivatives)
Phenolic acids (rosmarinic acid, caffeic acid)
Tannins
Terpenoids

Thespesia populnea (Soland. ex Corrêa)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Corrêa — Family: Malvaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Portia Tree, Indian Tulip Tree, Paras Peepal, Bhendi (coastal), Poovarasu (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical & cosmetic-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary medicinal part) / Leaves / Flowers / Seeds / Fixed oil / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (gossypetin, quercetin derivatives)
Triterpenoids (β-amyrin, lupeol)
Phenolic compounds and tannins
Sesquiterpenes and sterols
Fixed oils (oleic, linoleic acids – seed oil)

Thalictrum foliolosum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. — Family: Ranunculaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Mamiran (Indian), Meadow Rue (regional reference), Pilijari (trade usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, Unani & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots & rhizomes (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine – predominant)
Protoberberine alkaloids
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Bitter principles

Terminalia chebula
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia chebula Retz. — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Haritaki, Harad, Chebulic Myrobalan, Yellow Myrobalan, Pathya
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (pericarp – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Hydrolyzable tannins (chebulagic acid, chebulinic acid, corilagin)
Gallic acid and ellagic acid
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Lignans
Trace minerals

Terminalia catappa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia catappa L. — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Almond, Tropical Almond, Sea Almond, Desi Badam, Ketapang
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical & cosmetic-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves / Fruits (kernel) / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract / Fixed oil (seed)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (punicalagin, punicalin, chebulagic-type tannins)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Triterpenoids
Fatty acids (oleic, linoleic acids – seed oil)
Minerals and trace elements

Terminalia bellirica (often written as Terminalia belerica)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bibhitaki, Baheda, Bahera, Beleric Myrobalan
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (pericarp – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic-type tannins)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Lignans
Fatty acids (seed fraction)
Trace minerals

Teramnus labialis
Chemical / Technical Name:
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Mashaparni (one of the Dashamoola – Laghu Panchamoola group), Wild Indigo Vine, Teramnus
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Roots / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids
Triterpenoids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Phenolic compounds
Proteins and polysaccharides

Taxus baccata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Taxus baccata L. — Family: Taxaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
European Yew, English Yew, Himalayan Yew (regional reference), Yew Tree
Category:
Botanical raw material / Pharmaceutical active source / High-regulation phytochemical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (needles) / Bark (restricted use) / Powder / Standardized extract / Semi-synthetic intermediate source
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Taxanes (10-deacetylbaccatin III – key precursor)
Diterpenoids (baccatin derivatives)
Lignans and biflavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Alkaloids (trace)

Taraxacum officinale
Chemical / Technical Name:
Taraxacum officinale F.H. Wigg. — Family: Asteraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Dandelion, Lion’s Tooth, Blowball, Dudhal (regional), Pu Gong Ying (TCM)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots (primary for liver support) / Leaves (diuretic use) / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpene lactones (taraxacin, taraxacerin)
Phenolic acids (chicoric acid, caffeic acid)
Flavonoids (luteolin, apigenin derivatives)
Triterpenes (taraxasterol, β-amyrin)
Inulin (root polysaccharide)
Minerals (potassium – especially in leaves)

Tamarindus indica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tamarindus indica L. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Tamarind, Imli (Hindi), Asam Jawa, Indian Date
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruit pulp / Seeds / Seed coat / Leaves / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Organic acids (tartaric acid – major, citric, malic acids)
Polyphenols (procyanidins, catechins)
Pectins and polysaccharides
Sugars (glucose, fructose)
Minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron)
Fatty acids (seed oil fraction)

Tacca aspera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tacca aspera Roxb. — Family: Dioscoreaceae (formerly Taccaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Arrowroot, Forest Tacca, Asiatic Tacca (regional names vary)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & traditional medicine ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers (primary part used) / Rhizomes / Powder / Starch / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Starch and complex carbohydrates (arrowroot-type polysaccharides)
Steroidal compounds (taccalonolides – trace, species-dependent)
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Dietary fiber
Trace minerals

Symplocos racemosa (often written as Symplocos racemose)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Symplocos racemosa Roxb. — Family: Symplocaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Lodhra, Rodhra, Lodh, Tilaka Tree
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (loturine, colloturine)
Glycosides
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Tannins (astringent fraction)
Saponins and trace minerals

Swertia chirayita
Chemical / Technical Name:
Swertia chirayita (Roxb.) H. Karst. — Family: Gentianaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Chirayata, Chirata, Indian Gentian, Kirata Tikta
Category:
Botanical raw material / Bitter tonic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (aerial parts & stem) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Secoiridoid glycosides (swertiamarin, amarogentin)
Xanthones (mangiferin, swerchirin)
Bitter principles
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Trace alkaloids

Strychnos potatorum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Strychnos potatorum L.f. — Family: Loganiaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Clearing Nut Tree, Nirmali, Kataka, Nelmalai (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary part used) / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (diaboline, brucine derivatives – non-strychnine species, strychnine absent or negligible)
Polysaccharides and mucilage
Proteins and coagulating principles
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds

Stephania glabra
Chemical / Technical Name:
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers — Family: Menispermaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Nerinjil, Broom Creeper (regional), Agarshikari, Indian Stephania
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, folk & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers / Roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (stepharine, palmatine, berberine-like alkaloids – trace)
Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Starch and polysaccharides

Spinacia oleracea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Spinacia oleracea L. — Family: Amaranthaceae (formerly Chenopodiaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Spinach, Palak (Hindi), Garden Spinach
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nutraceutical & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support excipient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary part used) / Powder / Dehydrated flakes / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Vitamins: A (β-carotene), C, E, K, folate
Minerals: iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium
Chlorophyll
Carotenoids (lutein, zeaxanthin)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Nitrates (naturally occurring, controlled levels)

Sphaeranthus indicus
Chemical / Technical Name:
Sphaeranthus indicus L. — Family: Asteraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Gorakhmundi, Mundi, East Indian Globe Thistle, Kottaikkarantai (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (aerial parts & flowers) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (flowers – limited use)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpene lactones (sphaeranthanolide)
Essential oils (eudesmanolides, ocimene derivatives)
Flavonoids (quercetin derivatives)
Alkaloids
Phenolic compounds

Sorghum vulgare
Chemical / Technical Name:
Sorghum vulgare Pers.
(Current accepted name: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sorghum, Jowar (Hindi), Great Millet, Milo, Durra
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cereal-based nutraceutical ingredient / Functional food component
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (grains) / Flour / Powder / Extract (polyphenol-rich fractions)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Complex carbohydrates (slow-digesting starch)
Dietary fiber (insoluble & soluble)
Proteins (kafirin-type proteins)
Polyphenols (tannins, phenolic acids, anthocyanins in colored varieties)
Minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium)
B-vitamins (niacin, thiamine, pyridoxine)

Solanum nigrum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Solanum nigrum L. — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Black Nightshade, Makoi (Hindi), Kakamachi (Ayurveda), Manathakkali (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Fruits (berries) / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal glycoalkaloids (solanine, solasonine, solamargine – controlled levels)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Saponins
Phenolic acids
Polysaccharides and trace minerals

Sisymbrium irio (often misspelled as “Sisimbrium rio”)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Sisymbrium irio L. — Family: Brassicaceae (Cruciferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
London Rocket, Khubkalam, Jangli Sarson, Taramira (regional usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Unani, Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Glucosinolates (sinigrin-type compounds)
Isothiocyanates (upon enzymatic hydrolysis)
Flavonoids and phenolic acids
Fatty acids (seed oil fraction)
Minerals and trace elements

Sida cordifolia
Chemical / Technical Name:
Sida cordifolia L. — Family: Malvaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bala, Country Mallow, Heart-leaved Sida, Khareti, Bariyar
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Roots / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (ephedrine, pseudoephedrine – trace levels depending on origin & processing)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Saponins
Mucilage polysaccharides
Phenolic compounds

Shorea robusta (often written as Shoria robusta)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Shorea robusta Gaertn. — Family: Dipterocarpaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sal Tree, Shala, Sakhua, Sakhu, Indian Sal
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Pharmaceutical- & cosmetic-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Resin (Sal dammar) / Bark / Leaves / Seeds (fat) / Powder / Extract / Fixed oil (Sal butter)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Triterpenoids (shoreic acid, asiatic-type triterpenes)
Resin acids and dammar resins
Polyphenols and tannins (bark & leaves)
Fatty acids (stearic, oleic, palmitic acids – seed fat)
Sterols and phenolic compounds

Setaria italica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Setaria italica (L.) P. Beauv. — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Foxtail Millet, Italian Millet, Kangni (Hindi), Thinai (Tamil), Kakum, Navane
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cereal-based nutraceutical ingredient / Functional food component
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (grains) / Flour / Powder / Extract (aqueous or enzymatic fractions)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Complex carbohydrates (slow-digesting starch)
Dietary fiber (soluble & insoluble)
Proteins (rich in methionine and cysteine compared to other cereals)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Minerals (iron, magnesium, phosphorus, zinc)
B-vitamins (niacin, thiamine)