Soya Oligosaccharides
Chemical / Technical Name:
Soybean Oligosaccharides (α-galactosides)
Common / Alternative Names:
Soy Oligosaccharides, Raffinose, Stachyose
Category:
Prebiotic carbohydrate / Functional oligosaccharide nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Plant-derived (extracted from soybeans); Food & nutraceutical grade powder or syrup
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Raffinose and stachyose (typically ≥50–70% combined, grade-dependent)

Zea mays
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zea mays L. (Family: Poaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Maize, Corn, Indian Corn, Makka (Hindi), Corn Silk (Stigma maydis – when silk is used)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Plant-derived excipient & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant parts (kernels, starch, germ oil, silk) / Powder / Extract / Oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Carbohydrates (amylose, amylopectin – starch fraction)
Proteins (zein proteins)
Corn silk flavonoids (maysin, luteolin derivatives)
Phytosterols (β-sitosterol – mainly in germ oil)
Fatty acids (linoleic acid, oleic acid – germ oil)
Minerals: potassium, magnesium (notably in corn silk)

Zingiber officinale
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zingiber officinale Roscoe (Family: Zingiberaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Ginger, Adrak (Hindi), Sonth (Dry Ginger), Sheng Jiang (Chinese), Ingwer
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizome (fresh or dried) / Powder / Standardized extract / Oleoresin / Essential oil
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Gingerols (6-gingerol, 8-gingerol, 10-gingerol)
Shogaols (6-shogaol – higher in dried extracts)
Zingerone
Volatile oils (zingiberene, β-bisabolene, camphene)
Polyphenols and antioxidants

Zizyphus jujuba
Chemical / Technical Name:
Zizyphus jujuba Mill. (Syn.: Ziziphus jujuba) — Family: Rhamnaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Jujube, Chinese Date, Red Date, Ber (Hindi), Annab (Persian/Arabic)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruit (pericarp & pulp) / Seed (kernel) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Triterpenic acids (jujubosides A & B — mainly in seeds)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Polysaccharides (jujube polysaccharides)
Saponins
Vitamins (Vitamin C, B-complex)
Minerals (potassium, iron, magnesium)

Wrightia tinctoria
Chemical / Technical Name:
Wrightia tinctoria (Roxb.) R.Br. — Family: Apocynaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sweet Indrajao, Pala Indigo Plant, Dyer’s Oleander, Vetpala, Kala Kuda
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves / Bark / Seeds / Latex / Powder / Standardized extract / Fixed oil (seed oil)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Indole alkaloids (wrightine, conessine traces)
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Triterpenoids (lupeol, β-amyrin)
Fatty acids (oleic, linoleic acids – seed oil)
Glycosides and resinous compounds

Woodfordia fruticosa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Woodfordia fruticosa (L.) Kurz — Family: Lythraceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Dhataki, Dhawai, Fire-Flame Bush, Scarlet Bottlebrush, Ban Mahendi
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (ellagitannins, gallotannins)
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Glycosides
Natural fermentable sugars (supportive role in traditional formulations)

Withania somnifera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Ashwagandha, Indian Ginseng, Winter Cherry, Asgand, Amukkara (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Adaptogenic herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Root (primary part used) / Leaves (secondary) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Withanolides (withaferin A, withanolide A, withanone)
Alkaloids (somniferine, anaferine)
Sitoindosides (glycowithanolides)
Steroidal lactones
Amino acids and trace minerals

Withania coagulans
Chemical / Technical Name:
Withania coagulans (Stocks) Dunal — Family: Solanaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Rennet, Paneer Dodi, Vegetable Rennet, Akri, Punir Band
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Withanolides (withanolide A, withacoagulins)
Steroidal lactones
Alkaloids
Saponins
Enzyme-like coagulating principles (traditionally used for milk coagulation)

Vitex negundo
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitex negundo L. — Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Nirgundi, Five-Leaved Chaste Tree, Sambhalu, Sindhuvara, Monk’s Pepper (Indian)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary) / Seeds / Roots / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (leaves)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (casticin, vitexin, isovitexin)
Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, negundoside)
Volatile oils (sabinene, β-caryophyllene, limonene)
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds

Vitex agnus-castus
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vitex agnus-castus L. — Family: Lamiaceae (formerly Verbenaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Chaste Tree, Chasteberry, Monk’s Pepper, Agnus Castus, Abraham’s Balm
Category:
Botanical raw material / Hormone-modulating herbal active / Nutraceutical & phytopharmaceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (berries – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Iridoid glycosides (agnuside, aucubin)
Flavonoids (casticin, isovitexin)
Diterpenes (clerodadienols – dopaminergic activity)
Essential oils (minor fraction)
Phenolic compounds

Viola odorata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Viola odorata L. — Family: Violaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Sweet Violet, English Violet, Banafsha (Hindi/Urdu), Garden Violet
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Unani, Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flowers (primary) / Leaves / Whole aerial parts / Powder / Standardized extract / Syrup base
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (violanthin, rutin, quercetin derivatives)
Saponins
Mucilage polysaccharides
Alkaloids (violine – trace levels)
Phenolic acids
Volatile aromatic compounds (minor fraction)

Vigna trilobata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Vigna trilobata (L.) Verdc. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Three-lobed Cowpea, Wild Vigna, Tini Bean, Mugani (regional), Wild Green Gram (trade reference)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & traditional medicine ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (vitexin, isovitexin derivatives)
Phenolic acids
Proteins and amino acids (seed fraction)
Tannins
Dietary fiber and polysaccharides

Valeriana jatamansi
Chemical / Technical Name:
Valeriana jatamansi Jones (Syn.: Valeriana wallichii) — Family: Caprifoliaceae
(Older classification: Valerianaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Valerian, Jatamansi (small), Tagar (regional), Sugandhbala
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nervine & sedative herbal active / Nutraceutical & Ayurvedic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizomes & roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (limited use)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Sesquiterpenes (jatamansone / valeranone)
Valepotriates (didrovaltrate, acevaltrate – trace, unstable)
Volatile oils (patchouli alcohol–like components, borneol)
Iridoids and alkaloids
Phenolic compounds

Urginea indica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Urginea indica Kunth — Family: Asparagaceae
(Syn.: Drimia indica)
Common / Alternative Names:
Indian Squill, Jangli Pyaz, Van Palandu, Kolkand
Category:
Botanical raw material / Cardioactive & expectorant herbal active / Pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bulbs (primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Cardiac glycosides (bufadienolides: scillaren A, proscillaridin-like compounds)
Steroidal saponins
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Mucilage and sugars

Uraria picta
Chemical / Technical Name:
Uraria picta (Jacq.) DC. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Prishniparni, Pithvan, Shalaparni (regional confusion—distinct species), Wild Indigo (Ayurvedic)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots (primary part used) / Whole plant / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids
Triterpenoids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Phenolic compounds
Polysaccharides and trace minerals

Urtica parviflora
Chemical / Technical Name:
Urtica parviflora Roxb. — Family: Urticaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Small-leaved Nettle, Himalayan Nettle, Bichhu Buti (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Leaves (primary) / Aerial parts / Roots (limited use) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Phenolic acids (caffeic, chlorogenic acids)
Minerals (iron, calcium, magnesium, silica)
Vitamins (A, C, K)
Amines and sterols (trace)
Chlorophyll

Typhonium trilobatum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Typhonium trilobatum (L.) Schott — Family: Araceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bishkachu, Bengal Arum, Indian Arum, Ghet Kachu (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic & folk herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Rhizomes & tubers (primary parts used) / Leaves / Whole plant / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (low-molecular-weight, bioactive)
Saponins
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Glycosides
Calcium oxalate crystals (raw material—requires detoxification processing)

Triticum aestivum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Triticum aestivum L. — Family: Poaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wheat, Common Wheat, Wheatgrass (young shoots), Gehun (Hindi)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition ingredient / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Young shoots (Wheatgrass) / Seeds (grains) / Bran / Powder / Juice powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Chlorophyll (high in wheatgrass)
Vitamins: A, C, E, K, B-complex
Minerals: iron, magnesium, calcium, potassium, zinc
Amino acids and enzymes (superoxide dismutase, cytochrome oxidase – grass stage)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Dietary fiber (bran fraction)

Trigonella foenum-graecum (often written as Trigonella foenum graceum)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trigonella foenum-graecum L. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Fenugreek, Methi (Hindi), Greek Hay, Hulba (Arabic)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Metabolic & galactagogue herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary part used) / Leaves / Powder / Defatted powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins (diosgenin – key marker)
Alkaloids (trigonelline)
Soluble fibers (galactomannans)
Amino acids (4-hydroxyisoleucine)
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Fixed oils (minor fraction)

Trichosanthes dioica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trichosanthes dioica Roxb. — Family: Cucurbitaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Pointed Gourd, Parwal, Potol, Parval
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition & herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary) / Leaves / Seeds / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and polyphenols
Saponins
Alkaloids (trace)
Cucurbitane-type compounds (trace, controlled)
Dietary fiber
Vitamins (A, C) and minerals (potassium, magnesium)

Tribulus terrestris
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tribulus terrestris L. — Family: Zygophyllaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Gokshura, Gokharu, Puncture Vine, Caltrop, Bindii
Category:
Botanical raw material / Hormone-modulating & adaptogenic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (primary part used) / Roots / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Steroidal saponins (protodioscin – key marker)
Furostanol & spirostanol saponins
Flavonoids (quercetin, kaempferol derivatives)
Alkaloids
Tannins and phenolic compounds

Trianthema portulacastrum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trianthema portulacastrum L. — Family: Aizoaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Punarnava (White), Horse Purslane, Bishkhapra, Santhi (regional)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Leaves / Roots / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (trianthemine)
Flavonoids (quercetin derivatives)
Saponins
Phenolic acids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Potassium salts and trace mineral

Trapa bispinosa
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trapa bispinosa Roxb. — Family: Lythraceae (formerly Trapaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Water Chestnut, Singhara, Indian Water Chestnut, Paniphal
Category:
Botanical raw material / Functional nutrition ingredient / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (nuts) / Kernels / Flour / Powder / Starch / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Complex carbohydrates (starch-rich)
Dietary fiber
Proteins (moderate)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Minerals (potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron)
Vitamins (B-complex, trace vitamin C)

Trachyspermum ammi
Chemical / Technical Name:
Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague — Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Ajwain, Carom Seeds, Bishop’s Weed, Omam (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, Ayurvedic & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (seeds – primary part used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Volatile oil (2–5%): Thymol (35–60%), carvacrol
p-Cymene, γ-terpinene
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Fixed oils (minor fraction)

Thespesia populnea (Soland. ex Corrêa)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thespesia populnea (L.) Soland. ex Corrêa — Family: Malvaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Portia Tree, Indian Tulip Tree, Paras Peepal, Bhendi (coastal), Poovarasu (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical & cosmetic-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary medicinal part) / Leaves / Flowers / Seeds / Fixed oil / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (gossypetin, quercetin derivatives)
Triterpenoids (β-amyrin, lupeol)
Phenolic compounds and tannins
Sesquiterpenes and sterols
Fixed oils (oleic, linoleic acids – seed oil)

Thalictrum foliolosum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Thalictrum foliolosum DC. — Family: Ranunculaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Mamiran (Indian), Meadow Rue (regional reference), Pilijari (trade usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, Unani & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots & rhizomes (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (berberine, palmatine, jatrorrhizine – predominant)
Protoberberine alkaloids
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Bitter principles

Tetragonia expansa (Syn.: Tetragonia tetragonioides)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tetragonia expansa Murray — Family: Aizoaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
New Zealand Spinach, Warrigal Greens, Sea Spinach
Category:
Botanical raw material / Nutraceutical & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Leaves & tender aerial parts / Powder / Dehydrated flakes / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Vitamins: Vitamin C, provitamin A (β-carotene), folates
Minerals: iron, calcium, magnesium, potassium
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Chlorophyll
Dietary fiber
Organic acids (including oxalates – controlled levels)

Terminalia tomentosa (Syn.: Terminalia elliptica)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia tomentosa Wight & Arn. (Syn.: Terminalia elliptica Willd.) — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Asana, Arjuna (Asana), Saj, Ain, Indian Laurel (trade usage)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Heartwood / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (ellagitannins, gallic acid derivatives)
Flavonoids
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds
Lignans and glycosides

Terminalia bellirica (often written as Terminalia belerica)
Chemical / Technical Name:
Terminalia bellirica (Gaertn.) Roxb. — Family: Combretaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Bibhitaki, Baheda, Bahera, Beleric Myrobalan
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruits (pericarp – primary part used) / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Tannins (gallic acid, ellagic acid, chebulagic-type tannins)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Lignans
Fatty acids (seed fraction)
Trace minerals

Teramnus labialis
Chemical / Technical Name:
Teramnus labialis (L.f.) Spreng. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Mashaparni (one of the Dashamoola – Laghu Panchamoola group), Wild Indigo Vine, Teramnus
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary part used) / Roots / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids and isoflavonoids
Triterpenoids
Sterols (β-sitosterol)
Phenolic compounds
Proteins and polysaccharides

Tephrosia purpurea
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tephrosia purpurea (L.) Pers. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Sharpunkha, Purple Tephrosia, Wild Indigo (Indian), Sarphonkha
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Whole plant (primary) / Leaves / Roots / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Flavonoids (tephrosin, deguelin, rotenoids – controlled levels)
Isoflavones
Triterpenoids
Sterols
Phenolic compounds

Tecomella undulata
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tecomella undulata (Sm.) Seem. — Family: Bignoniaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Rohida, Rohitaka, Desert Teak, Marwar Teak
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Bark (primary part used) / Leaves / Heartwood / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Naphthoquinones (tecomin, lapachol-type compounds – trace)
Flavonoids
Triterpenoids
Phenolic compounds
Tannins and glycosides

Tamarindus indica
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tamarindus indica L. — Family: Fabaceae (Leguminosae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Tamarind, Imli (Hindi), Asam Jawa, Indian Date
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active & functional nutrition ingredient / Pharmaceutical-support material
Raw Material Type:
Fruit pulp / Seeds / Seed coat / Leaves / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Organic acids (tartaric acid – major, citric, malic acids)
Polyphenols (procyanidins, catechins)
Pectins and polysaccharides
Sugars (glucose, fructose)
Minerals (potassium, magnesium, calcium, iron)
Fatty acids (seed oil fraction)

Tacca aspera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Tacca aspera Roxb. — Family: Dioscoreaceae (formerly Taccaceae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Arrowroot, Forest Tacca, Asiatic Tacca (regional names vary)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Nutraceutical & traditional medicine ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers (primary part used) / Rhizomes / Powder / Starch / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Starch and complex carbohydrates (arrowroot-type polysaccharides)
Steroidal compounds (taccalonolides – trace, species-dependent)
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds
Dietary fiber
Trace minerals

Syzygium cumini
Chemical / Technical Name:
Syzygium cumini (L.) Skeels — Family: Myrtaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Jamun, Java Plum, Black Plum, Indian Blackberry, Jambul
Category:
Botanical raw material / Antidiabetic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary) / Fruits / Bark / Leaves / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (jambosine)
Glycosides (jamboline, ellagic acid derivatives)
Flavonoids (quercetin, myricetin)
Anthocyanins (fruit pulp)
Tannins and polyphenols
Trace minerals (chromium, zinc)

Syzygium aromaticum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. & L.M. Perry — Family: Myrtaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Clove, Laung (Hindi), Lavang, Ding Xiang (Chinese)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Nutraceutical, pharmaceutical & cosmetic ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Flower buds (primary) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (steam-distilled)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Phenylpropanoids: Eugenol (70–85% in essential oil), eugenyl acetate
Sesquiterpenes: β-caryophyllene
Flavonoids and tannins
Phenolic acids
Trace minerals

Strychnos potatorum
Chemical / Technical Name:
Strychnos potatorum L.f. — Family: Loganiaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Clearing Nut Tree, Nirmali, Kataka, Nelmalai (Tamil)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Ayurvedic herbal active / Nutraceutical & pharmaceutical-support ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Seeds (primary part used) / Bark / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Alkaloids (diaboline, brucine derivatives – non-strychnine species, strychnine absent or negligible)
Polysaccharides and mucilage
Proteins and coagulating principles
Flavonoids and phenolic compounds

Stephania glabra
Chemical / Technical Name:
Stephania glabra (Roxb.) Miers — Family: Menispermaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Nerinjil, Broom Creeper (regional), Agarshikari, Indian Stephania
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic, folk & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Tubers / Roots (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Isoquinoline alkaloids (stepharine, palmatine, berberine-like alkaloids – trace)
Bisbenzylisoquinoline alkaloids
Flavonoids
Phenolic compounds
Starch and polysaccharides

Spondias mangifera
Chemical / Technical Name:
Spondias mangifera Willd. — Family: Anacardiaceae
Common / Alternative Names:
Wild Mango, Hog Plum (Indian), Amra, Ambada, Kadumanga (Malayalam)
Category:
Botanical raw material / Herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Fruit (primary) / Bark / Leaves / Seeds / Powder / Standardized extract
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Organic acids (citric, malic, tartaric acids)
Polyphenols and flavonoids
Tannins (notably in bark)
Vitamins (Vitamin C, provitamin A carotenoids)
Minerals (calcium, phosphorus, potassium)
Essential fatty acids (seed fraction – limited use)

Selinum tenuifolium
Chemical / Technical Name:
Selinum tenuifolium Wall. ex C.B.Clarke — Family: Apiaceae (Umbelliferae)
Common / Alternative Names:
Bhutkeshi, Himalayan Spikenard (trade usage – not Nardostachys), Thin-leaved Selinum
Category:
Botanical raw material / Aromatic herbal active / Ayurvedic & nutraceutical ingredient
Raw Material Type:
Roots & rhizomes (primary parts used) / Powder / Standardized extract / Essential oil (limited)
Key Active Constituents (Typical):
Volatile oils (terpenoids, sesquiterpenes)
Coumarins
Phenolic compounds
Flavonoids
Resinous aromatic principles